日本城市碳排放清单计算方法——以横滨市为例

日本是关注全球气候变化并作出行动最早的国家之一,根据其法律大中城市以上的行政区必须编制温室气体减排规划,包括排放清单、趋势预测、减排目标、措施及效果分析、方案实施与监督等。日本环境省为了帮助地方政府编制该规划,提供了城市层面的温室气体排放清单的编制方法指导。本文以横滨市为例,比较完整地介绍日本城市CO2排放清单编制基本方法,为我国城市碳排放清单编制提供参考。     

区域层面温室气体清单不确定性量化研究

基于《IPCC国家温室气体清单优良做法指南和不确定性管理》中不确定性分析的理论和方法,以编制包括省级、地市级在内的区域层面温室气体清单为背景,就不确定性分析的难点、来源和组成进行分析,并通过实例研究对适用于区域层面温室气体清单的不确定性量化方法进行说明,进而提升不确定性分析的可操作性和透明性,为完善温室气体清单提供有价值的参考。     

中国机动车有毒有害空气污染物排放估算

有毒有害空气污染物的环境影响是国内外研究的热点,而机动车排放是其重要源之一.通过资料调研,获得各车型年均行驶里程以及有毒有害空气污染物排放与非甲烷挥发性有机物(NMVOC)排放的质量分数,梳理各车型保有量,利用COPERT Ⅳ模型计算NMVOC排放因子,建立了2005年中国分车型、分省域的有毒有害空气污染物排放清单.结果表明:2005年中国苯,1,3-丁二烯,甲醛,乙醛和丙烯醛的机动车排放总量分别为31.65×104,7.45×104,13.26×104,5.11×104和1.65×104 t,其主要来源于摩托车、汽油小客车和重型柴油货车;广东、山东、江苏、浙江、河北和河南六省排放量较高.      

生命周期清单分析的数据质量评价

生命周期清单分析(LCI)数据质量的分析方法可概括为两类:采用诸如地理代表性、数据年代或数据获取方式等一系列指标来表示;根据不确定性来综合反映LCI质量.笔者在分析了这两类方法各自所存在缺陷的基础上,提出了将这两者相结合的评价方法:采用5个独立的反映数据质量的指标,根据系统各单元各数据属性对各指标从1～5进行打分,形成数据的质量指标向量元素.根据数据质量向量元素的算术平均在总指标范围中所占的百分数将质量指标向量转化为对应的综合数据质量指标(DQI),继而根据DQI可得出每个数据的随机分布,以便进行清单结果的不确定性随机模拟.最后将方法应用于钢铁生产生命周期清单数据中.      

基于入户调查的贵阳市生活燃煤排放清单

为准确掌握贵阳市生活燃煤大气污染物的排放状况,为南方山地城市大气污染防治工作提供科学依据,本研究于2017年对贵阳市生活燃煤情况开展了入户调查.据统计分析,2016—2018年贵阳市常住人口和生活煤炭消费量变化小.同时,采用排放系数法结合GIS技术,建立了贵阳市2016年1 km×1 km生活燃煤大气污染物排放清单.结果表明：①全市生活燃煤量约为55.9×10⁴ t,单位面积燃煤量为69.5 t·km^-2,不同区（市、县）生活燃煤量存在明显差异;从燃煤总量来看,开阳县最大,云岩区最小;从单位面积燃煤量来看,云岩区最大,息烽县最小.②全市生活燃煤PM₁₀、PM_2.5、SO₂、NO_x、VOCs、CO、OC、BC排放量分别为1230.5、783.0、6963.5、615.3、1006.8、39096.4、55.9、3.9 t,单位面积排放量分别为153.0、97.4、865.7、76.5、125.2、4860.7、7.0、0.5 kg·km^-2.③生活燃煤污染物排放量呈明显的季节性变化特征,冬季采暖季污染物的排放量远高于非采暖季.④在空间分布上,大气污染物排放主要集中在云岩区、南明区、白云区中南部,以及观山湖区东南部、乌当区西南部及花溪区东北部,这与居民生活区域基本呈一致性分布.⑤调查样本量覆盖了总家庭户数的1.5%,全市以煤炭为生活能源的住户占比约为38.1%,户均燃煤量为（1.158±0.010）t·a^-1,排放清单不确定性总体范围为-82.6%~201.0%.     

A highly resolved temporal and spatial air pollutant emission inventory for the Pearl River Delta region, China and its uncertainty assessment

A highly resolved temporal and spatial Pearl River Delta (PRD) regional emission inventory for the year 2006 was developed with the use of best available domestic emission factors and activity data. The inventory covers major emission sources in the region and a bottom–up approach was adopted to compile the inventory for those sources where possible. The results show that the estimates for SO₂, NO_x, CO, PM₁₀, PM_2.5 and VOC emissions in the PRD region for the year 2006 are 711.4 kt, 891.9 kt, 3840.6 kt, 418.4 kt, 204.6 kt, and 1180.1 kt, respectively. About 91.4% of SO₂ emissions were from power plant and industrial sources, and 87.2% of NO_x emissions were from power plant and mobile sources. The industrial, mobile and power plant sources are major contributors to PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 emissions, accounting for 97.7% of the total PM₁₀ and 97.2% of PM_2.5 emissions, respectively. Mobile, biogenic and VOC product-related sources are responsible for 90.5% of the total VOC emissions. The emissions are spatially allocated onto grid cells with a resolution of 3 km × 3 km, showing that anthropogenic air pollutant emissions are mainly distributed over PRD central-southern city cluster areas. The preliminary temporal profiles were established for the power plant, industrial and on-road mobile sources. There is relatively low uncertainty in SO₂ emission estimates with a range of −16% to +21% from power plant sources, medium to high uncertainty for the NO_x emissions, and high uncertainties in the VOC, PM_2.5, PM₁₀ and CO emissions.     

Global and regional abatement costs of Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) and of enhanced action to levels well below 2 °C and 1.5 °C

As part of the Paris climate agreement, countries have submitted (Intended) Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), which includes greenhouse gas reduction proposals beyond 2020. In this paper, we apply the IMAGE integrated assessment model to estimate the annual abatement costs of achieving the NDC reduction targets, and the additional costs if countries would take targets in line with keeping global warming well below 2 °C and “pursue efforts” towards 1.5 °C. We have found that abatement costs are very sensitive to socio-economic assumptions: under Shared Socioeconomic Pathway 3 (SSP3) assumptions of slow economic growth, rapidly growing population, and high inequality, global abatement costs of achieving the unconditional NDCs are estimated at USD135 billion by 2030, which is more than twice the level as under the more sustainable socio-economic assumptions of SSP1. Furthermore, we project that the additional costs of full implementation of the conditional NDCs are substantial, ranging from 40 to 55 billion USD, depending on socio-economic assumptions. Of the ten major emitting economies, Brazil, Canada and the USA are projected to have the highest cots as share of GDP to implement the conditional NDCs, while the costs for Japan, China, Russia, and India are relatively low. Allowing for emission trading could decrease global costs substantially, by more than half for the unconditional NDCs and almost by half for the conditional NDCs. Finally, the required effort in terms of abatement costs of achieving 2030 emission levels consistent with 2 °C pathways would be at least three times higher than the costs of achieving the conditional NDCs – even though reductions need to be twice as much. For 1.5 °C, the costs would be 5–6 times as high.     

图书馆书库清点方法初探

图书馆藏书大多存在实物与财产登记不符的状况，如情况较为严重则会影响到图书馆流通、采访等项工作的开展，因此适时进行书库清点具有重要意义。本文以中国环境管理干部学院图书馆的清点为实例，初步探讨了将条码作为清点切入点的书库清点工作的方法、步骤和注意事项。     

安钢第二炼轧厂转炉炼钢粉尘处理

介绍了安钢第二炼轧厂转炉炼钢采用脉冲布袋除尘回收与利用、工作原理、和减少对环境污染排放。     

Long Term Trends in Concentration of Major Pollutants (SO<Subscript>2</Subscript>, CO,NO, NO<Subscript>2</Subscript>, O<Subscript>3</Subscript> and PM<Subscript>10</Subscript>) in Prague – Czech Republic (Analysis of Data Between 1992 and 2005)

To assess the effect of changes in traffic density and fuels used for heating at the beginning of the 1990s, 1992–2005 monthly averages of PM₁₀, SO₂, NO₂, NO, CO and O₃ from Prague, the Czech capital, were analyzed together with long term trends in emissions of major pollutants, fuel consumption and number of vehicles registered in Prague. The data from all monitoring stations were retrieved from the database of the state automated monitoring system. Correlation coefficients between ambient monthly averaged temperature and all pollutants of concern showed distinct seasonal trends. The results showed that while SO₂ and to some extent also CO concentrations dropped namely in the first half of the analyzed period (1992–1997) as a result decreased fossil fuel consumption for local heating, the behaviour of other pollutant concentrations followed a different pattern. PM₁₀ concentrations decreased during the beginning of the 1990s but showed a sign of increase after 2000. Concentrations of ozone and NO₂ did not reveal any significant change throughout the whole studied period. It can be concluded that during the studied period traditional urban sources of pollution, such as coal and oil combustion, lost their importance but were simultaneously substituted by pollutants from automotive transport (namely PM and NO₂) making the problem of air quality even worse.